Environmental regulation by private contest

Voluntary Agreements and Private Enforcement of Environmental Regulation

This paper focuses on a type of voluntary pollution abatement agreement (VA) in which the regulator offers regulatory relief for the participating firm in exchange for environmental improvements. If the regulator does not have statutory authority to provide regulatory relief, the VA can leave the firm more vulnerable to legal challenges through citizen lawsuits. I use a model of negotiated VAs ...

Private Environmental Governance

Environmental law has quietly transformed from a positive law field deeply rooted in administrative law to one that is also heavily rooted in private law and private governance. After two decades (1970–1990) of remarkable activity, more than two decades have now passed without a major federal environmental statute (1991–2012). Whether the appropriate next step is expansion or contraction, refor...

Trademarks and Private Environmental Governance

Private Global Business Regulation

Regulations that govern the social and environmental impacts of global firms and markets without state enforcement are a relatively new dimension of global business regulation. The growth of such voluntary “civil regulations” reflects both the expansion of legitimate authority in the global economy outside the state and the increasing use of alternative regulatory instruments to govern firms, i...

Regulation of myogenesis by environmental hypoxia.

In aerobic organisms, oxygen is a critical factor for tissue and organ morphogenesis from embryonic development throughout the adult life. It regulates various intracellular pathways involved in cellular metabolism, proliferation, cell survival and fate. Organisms or tissues rapidly respond to changes in oxygen availability by activating complex signalling networks, which culminate in the contr...